Sensor Based Industrial Kitchen Foodstuffs Monitoring System

Artificial Intelligence based foodstuff monitoring system is used for inventory management in industrial kitchens, restaurants, canteens, vegetable stores and so on. If the store keeper is not available to monitor the grocery and orders, the process will be risky. The proposed method considers the level estimation detection using ultrasonic sensor and if the container is empty then the information is sent to the store keeper. By this method, the intimation about availability of specific food item can be found and items not available can be ordered for purchasing. The DHT11 sensor is used to monitor the humidity and temperature inside the container, if any of these two is high then the notification will be sent. Decomposed organic items are identified by MQ3 sensor based on detection of alcoholic gas produced by organic items. The sensors data such as grocery level, humidity, temperature and decomposition range of organic items are collected from the corresponding smart container. This data transaction happens via micro controller known as Node MCU. The level of the groceries present, and spoiled organic items can be identified and mail notification can be triggered in the early stage with the help of mobile application called IFTTT

Cassava Leaf Disease Identification and Detection Using Deep Learning Approach

Agriculture is the primary source of livelihood for about 60% of the world's total population according to the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). The economy of the developing countries is solely dependent on agriculture commodities. As the world population is increasing at faster pace, the demand for food is also escalating tremendously. In recent days, agriculture is experiencing an automation revolution. Hence the introduction of disruptive technologies like Artificial Intelligence plays a major role in increasing agricultural productivity. AI enabled approaches would help in overcoming the traditional challenges faced in agriculture practices, by automating various agriculture related tasks. Nowadays, farmers adopt precision farming which uses AI techniques namely in crop health monitoring, weed detection, plant disease identification and detection, and forecast weather, commodity prices to increase the yield. As there is scarcity of manpower in agriculture sector, AI based equipment like bots and drones are used widely. Crop diseases are a major threat to food security and the manual identification of the diseases with the help of experts will incur more cost and time, especially for larger farms. The machine-vision based techniques provide image based automatic process control, inspection, and robot guidance for pest and disease control. It provides automated process in agriculture, paving way for improved efficiency and profitability. Various factors contribute for plant diseases, which includes soil health, climatic conditions, species and pests. The proposed chapter elaborates on the use of deep learning techniques in the leaf disease detection of Cassava plants. The chapter initially describes the evolution of various neural network techniques used in classification and prediction. It describes the significance of using Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) over deep neural networks. The chapter focuses on classification of leaf disease in Cassava plants using images acquired real time and from Kaggle dataset. In the final part of the chapter, the results of the models with original and augmented data were illustrated considering accuracy as performance metric

A CASE REPORT ON DIGOXIN INTOXICATION IN A CLINICAL PHARMACIST'S PERSPECTIVE

  Context: Digoxin is a commonly used inotropic drug that has a narrow therapeutic range and is monitored poorly for its plasma concentration. It is commonly used in the management of cardiovascular disorders for its inotropic effects. Increased risk of chronic digoxin toxicity among the patients receiving digoxin pharmacotherapy is related to its narrow therapeutic range. Apart from its inotropic properties, it can also produce chronotropic and dromotropic effect. Its serum levels vary due to changes in body weight, age, renal function, hepatic impairment, and concomitant drug administrations. Patients receiving digoxin should be monitored periodically for potential drug interactions, adverse effects, toxicity, and other drug-related problems. Symptoms of digoxin-induced cardiotoxicity are difficult to be identified and may become fatal too. Therapeutic drug monitoring will play a significant role in reducing such drug therapy problems and will ensure safety and efficacy of the given drug. Case Report: We report a case of chronic digoxin toxicity in a 22-year-old male with congestive cardiac failure - Class IV and atrial fibrillation with ventricular bigeminy. Results: Patient's renal parameters were elevated and among electrolytes, sodium level was decreased and potassium level was increased. A reduction in the volume of the distribution of digoxin, due to impairment of renal function or congestive cardiac failure, might be one of the reasons for digoxin toxicity. Drug therapy problems (DTPs) such as untreated indication, inappropriate drug therapy, potential major drug-drug interactions, and drugs prescribed when contraindicated were observed. Conclusion: Monitoring digoxin drug therapy can bring down the risk of digoxin intoxication

Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in antenatal women and its associated risk factors

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is an important public health problem in India and its prevalence is steadily increasing. It is one of the common complications during pregnancy affecting both maternal and fetal outcome. The increased prevalence is due to the aging population structure, urbanization, obesity epidemic and physical inactivity. Among the South Asian ethnic groups, Indian women mainly south Indians are developing GDM in highest frequency which emphasizes the significance of universal screening in South Asians. The main objective was to find out the prevalence of Gestational diabetes mellitus according to ADA criteria and to examine its association with a number of risk factors in the pregnant population.Methods: Hospital based analytical cross sectional study was conducted for 1 year among 500 antenatal women. Fasting blood glucose was measured after which they were given 75 g oral glucose and plasma glucose was estimated at 1hour and 2hour. GDM was diagnosed according to ADA criteria. Inclusion criterion was pregnant women attending outpatient department between 24-28 weeks gestation. Exclusion criteria were known diabetic women (pre gestational)/diagnosed having GDM before 24 weeks.Results: Prevalence of GDM was found to be 11.8%. Gestational diabetes mellitus was found to be significantly associated with age, BMI, past history of PCOS, family history of diabetes, excess weight gain in present pregnancy, GDM in previous pregnancy and previous poor fetal outcome.Conclusions: Prevalence of GDM is progressively increasing and it was significantly associated with multiple risk factors. Universal screening should be done for all pregnant women for better maternal and fetal outcom

Comparison of one step glucose tolerance test (75 g GTT) and two step glucose tolerance test (100 g GTT) in screening and diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus

Background: Studies suggesting that increasing carbohydrate intolerance among patients not meeting the criteria for the diagnosis of GDM by two step OGTT leads to an increased rate of unfavourable maternal and perinatal outcomes. Patients with abnormal GCT results but a normal OGTT are at increased risk, as are those with one abnormal OGTT value rather than the two required for diagnosis by ADA criteria. Single value of one step GTT is enough to diagnose GDM and to improve the maternal and perinatal complications. The objective is to compare the efficacy of one step OGTT with two step OGTT in screening and diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus.Methods: Hospital based analytical cross-sectional study which was conducted for 1 year among all pregnant women booked at government medical college, Alappuzha. They were subjected to detect GDM by 2 methods at 24-28 weeks.Results: 2521 pregnant women were subjected for study, among them who were either 75 gm GTT or 50 gm GCT or both positive (332 pregnant women) were analyzed. 232 women (69.88%) were diagnosed as having gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) by single step 75 gm GTT. Sensitivity of single step GTT was 92.4% and a false negative rate of the same was 7.6%.  False negative rate for 50 gm GCT was 35.2%.Conclusions: Present study concluded that this one step procedure is feasible in terms of better detection rates, saving time, limiting cost on repeated visits to health centre and reducing repeated invasive sampling. Single step GTT will be used both as a screening and a diagnostic procedure for detecting GDM

Secure Blockchain Transactions for Electronic Health Records based on an Improved Attribute-Based Signature Scheme (IASS)

Electronic Health Records (EHRs) are entirely controlled by hospitals, not patients, making it difficult to obtain medical advice from individual hospitals. Patients need to keep tabs on their health details and take back control of their medical data. The rapid development of blockchain technology has facilitated large-scale healthcare, including medical records and patient-related data. The technology provides comprehensive and immutable patient records and free access to electronic medical records for providers and treatment portals. To ensure the validity of the blockchain-connected EHR, the Improved Attribute-Based Signature Scheme (IASS) has considerable powers, allowing patients to approve messages based on attributes but not validated. In addition, it avoids the problem of having multiple authorities without a single or central source of trust for generating and distributing patient public/private keys and fits into the blockchain model for distributed data storage. By sharing a secret, pseudo-random activity seed between authorities, the protocol resists collusive attacks by corrupt officials. The technology provides patients with a comprehensive, immutable record and free access to their EHR from providers and treatment portals. To ensure the validity of blockchain-connected EHRs, propose an attribute-based multi-authority signature scheme that authorizes messages based on their attributes without revealing any information

Comparison of Leg Wrapping Versus Leg Elevaton for Prevention of Hypotension in Spinal Anaesthesia for Elective Caesarean Section

BACK GROUND : Hypotension in Spinal anaesthesia is inevitable. In parturients due to aortocaval compression, increased sensitivity to local anaesthesia and increased peripheral venous pooling of blood, hypotension occurs with greater frequency and severity. Management of spinal hypotension is always a challenge to obstetric anaesthesiologist because of dual concern of both mother and the foetus. Fluid preloading and coloading are commonly used but their role in prevention of spinal hypotension is doubtful. Use of vasopressor for prevention of spinal hypotension is associated with risk of foetal acidosis. Physical methods like leg compression with elastic crepe bandage, compression stockings and leg elevation prevents hypotension by augmenting venous return without affecting foetal outcome. AIM AND OBJECTIVES : To evaluate and compare the effectiveness of two simple techniques: leg elevation and leg wrapping in prevention of spinal hypotension in elective caesarean section. To compare the incidence of hypotension, vasopressor usage and haemodynamic changes among the groups. MATERIALS AND METHODS : This prospective, double-blinded, and randomized controlled trial was undertaken after the approval by Institutional Ethical Committee. 90 full term parturients with singleton uncomplicated pregnancy belonging to American Society of Anesthesiologist (ASA) Class I or II, scheduled for elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia were allocated randomly to either leg wrapping group BLW (n = 30) or leg elevation group BLE (n = 30) or control group BC(n = 30). Leg wrapping group patients had their lower limbs wrapped just before the administration of the subarachnoid block with elastic crepe bandage (15 cm width, 4 m stretched length) applied from the ankle to the mid-thigh in both legs. Leg elevation group patients had their legs elevated immediately after spinal anaesthesia to an angle of 30° from the horizontal plane. Control group patients had their lower limbs neither raised nor wrapped. Baseline heart rate and blood pressure were recorded and intravenous fluid preloading was done with 20 ml/kg of ringer lactate solution over 15 to 20 minutes just prior to the spinal anesthesia in all patients. All patients were given spinal anaesthesia with injection 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine in the dosage of 0.06mg/cm. Thereafter, the patients were placed in supine wedged position. Hypotension was defined as fall in systolic blood pressure to 90 mmHg or fall more than 20% from baseline blood pressure and was treated immediately by increasing the rate of ringer lactate administration and by ephedrine 6mg intravenously. Total dose of ephedrine used were noted. STATISTICAL TOOL : Analysis of variance with post hoc test and chi square test were used to test the significance. A ‘p’ value of less than 0.05 was taken to denote the statistical significance. OBSERVATION AND RESULTS : The incidence of hypotension in leg wrapped group is 3(10%) patients, compared to 10 (33.33%) patients in leg elevated group and 15(50 %) patients in control group. The chi-square score was 4.8118 and ‘P’ value was 0.0282 (< 0.05) when leg wrapped group was compared with leg elevation group which was statistically significant. Similarly when leg wrapped group was compared with control group, the chi-square score was 11.428 and the ‘P’ value was 0.0007, which was also statistically and clinically significant. But when leg elevation group BLE was compared with control group BC, the chi-square score was 1.7143 and the ‘p’ value was 0.190 which was not significant statistically. This implies leg elevation alone did not reduce the occurrence of hypotension. Total ephedrine usage was 18mg in leg wrapped group, 78mg in leg elevation group and 162 mg in control group. Haemodynamic stability was better maintained in leg wrapping group compared to leg elevation and control groups. CONCLUSION : We conclude that leg wrapping with elastic crepe bandage just before subarachnoid block, significantly decreases the incidence of spinal hypotension and causes a marked reduction in the usage of vasopressor agents when compared to leg elevation and control groups. Thus leg wrapping technique eventually results in better maintenance of uteroplacental circulation and foetal outcome. As leg wrapping with elastic crepe bandage is cheap, easy, readily available and non-invasive , this technique can be recommended along with other routinely used methods like left uterine displacement with wedge for preventing spinal hypotension and for better maternal and foetal care

A Privacy Protection Mechanism for Mobile Online Social Networks

A Location sharing system is the most critical component in mobile online social networks (MOSNS).Huge number of user\u27s location information will be stored by the service providers. In addition to the location privacy and social network privacy cannot be guaranteed to the user in the earlier work. Regarding the enhanced privacy against the inside attacker implemented by the service provider in (MOSNS), we initiate a new architecture with multiple servers .It introduces a protected solution which supports a location sharing among friends and strangers. The user friend set in each query is submitted to the location server it divides into multiple subset by the location server. If the user makes a query to the server the data can be retrieved only for the registered users instead of all. We use Three Layer of Security likely, High, Medium and Low for the Privacy implementation. Simultaneously with a location sharing it offers check ability of the searching results reoccurred from the servers. We also prove that the new construction is safe under the stronger security model with enhanced privacy

Life cycle and morphometry of Rugose spiraling whitefly, Aleyrodicus rugioperculatus Martin (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on coconut

The present study investigated the biology and morphometric analysis of rugose spiralling whitefly (RSW), Aleyrodicus rugioperculatus on coconut under mini net house condition at Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University-Coimbatore during 2019-2020. The biology of rugose spiralling whitefly was studied by clip cage method and morphometrics were done using Leica image analyser. Total lifecycle of rugose spiraling whitefly was 56.23 ± 2.20 days. Developmental period of egg, nymphal, pupal and adult period was 8.47 ± 0.26, 17.46 ± 0.76, 10.30 ± 0.29 and 20.00 ± 1.00 days, respectively. In morphometrics, Length and width of egg (0.31 ± 0.01 mm and 0.11± 0.02 mm), nymphal (0.94 ± 0.01 mm and 0.82 ± 0.01 mm), pupal (1.23 ± 0.01 mm and 1.00 ± 0.01 mm) was recorded. A nymphal parasitoid, Encarsia guadeloupae can be potential natural enemy for effective management of rugose spiraling whitefly.